Innovation Problem in Organization-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Portray what the development issue is that you are confronted with in your Chosen organization. Answer Presentation The report is set up to evaluate the development issue looked inside the business association in Saudi Arabia and how it has figured out how to manage that for guaranteeing effective business working. The development issue looked inside Carrefour, which is chosen as the contextual analysis here can make an effect on the foundation of a decent culture too. Because of advancement issue, the business execution may break down just as block the fruitful achievement of business targets. The report will talk about the development issue that Carrefour Saudi Arabia is confronting and approaches to determine those issues as well. Carrefour has 12 establishment worked hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia, with five of those being in the capital Riyadh itself (carrefouruae.com, 2018). The advancement of the organization incorporates opening another store that gives computerized arrangements including m-business administrations to make the shopping encounters of the clients progressively helpful and adap table. Advancement issue confronted with in the organization There are different issues confronted while empowering development inside the business association and because of this the authoritative structure and method of dealing with the business activities additionally change. Because of this the laborers of the organization think that its hard to adjust to the progressions and the business working additionally disintegrates. Barely any issues identified with the development incorporate absence of capacity of representatives to improve because of inappropriate administration abilities and poor help by the directors of the association. The pioneers additionally neglect to keep the staffs inspired, due to which, the advancement results might be wrong also. With the advancement, changes were made and this had brought about building up an application to make clients buy items and administrations on the web (Katzy et al., 2013). One of the serious issues was that the application was not working appropriately at some point, which not just made cha llenges to buy the items and the online application doesn't show all the accessible items that could be found at the stores of Carrefour. Another issue with development is that advancement is brought together to a specific practical gathering just, and because of this, the advancement methods are tedious. Having increasingly practical gatherings can forestall any deterrent to the advancement pace and give novel answers for the issues looked by the clients. Absence of coordination and decent variety likewise makes advancement issue and this can make the association face dangers while offering the new and inventive items in the market (Subramaniam, 2012). Advancement, if not estimated or benchmarked could make trouble to assess the key performable markers and even create new thoughts required to produce more noteworthy estimation of development related methodologies. With the arrangement of another CEO, certain methodologies were embraced to improve the business activities and procedures, however it brought some serious issues for Carrefour. The new CEO attempted to enhance by changing over a portion of the hypermarkets of the organization into establishments and in any event, presenting a portion of the Sunday openings also. The portions of the organization diminished to in excess of 30% because of lesser income age too (Lorenz, 2015). Because of absence of administration abilities, the staffs were not enabled and kept spurred to perform productively by grasping the progressions accomplished through development inside the association. The workers were not roused and urged appropriately to adjust to the changes, in light of which they felt less propelled to advance. In spite of the fact that development has been done like changes in hierarchical structure culture, still the representatives have been not able to get to the fundamental assets and e ven confronted issues to help out others inside the work environment. The staffs were not prepared, in light of which, they couldn't make an application that could give all the vital administrations appropriately for improving the shopping experience of the customers. Carrefour works more than 12 establishment hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia and five of these are situated at Riyadh (Kang, 2016). Advancement is something not like the development and imagination; in light of the fact that the innovativeness and creations are engaged are arrangement driven though he developments oversaw inside the association are considered as issue driven. Same has occurred for Carrefour, where another CEO is named who can empower changes and mange advancement with the attention on taking care of issues (carrefouruae.com, 2018). The trend-setters are centered around the issue with the own proposed arrangements, as a result of which they may not make own thoughts and ideas. Because of absence of appropriate initiative and administrative aptitudes, there were clashes and false impressions, which decreased the gathering thinking capacities and abilities too (Sloep, Berlanga Retalis, 2014). There was not a legitimate working condition also, which made troubles for the people to communicate and convey their thoughts and suppositions as well. The advancement at Carrefour changed the authoritative st ructure and an alternate culture was made, which a significant number of the staffs felt very hard to adapt up to. The hierarchical strategies were not set up as well, which further brought about shaping an improper culture where individuals could work. Advancement at Carrefour was overseen by embraced manageable methodologies, which expanded the costs of specific items and administrations and left the clients unsatisfied (Urbancova, 2013). Connection between authoritative culture and advancement Carrefour encountered a critical misfortune in business because of the ongoing changes made through development. Because of the advancement, an alternate authoritative culture and structure was empowered, which made troubles for a considerable lot of the staffs to modify with. Carrefour chose to make a various workforce comprising of individuals from various foundations and societies, which brought about inappropriate correspondence process, which was besides encouraged by change in authority and techniques. A considerable lot of the staffs even neglected to acknowledge the requirement for changes, which made uncertainty and shifted desire of individuals inside the work environment (Lorenz, 2013). Because of the usage of another authoritative structure, different issues confronted were absence of correspondence, poor hierarchical chain of command, because of which, the directors, businesses and workers were befuddled with respect to their new jobs and duties. The jobs and obligations were not designated appropriately to specific staffs and the expense acquired because of the advancement of hierarchical structure was tremendous also. The organization confronted advancement issue on the grounds that the shopping application created to improve the internet shopping encounters of the clients was not continually working appropriately. It was because of the absence of abilities and information on the laborers, because of which, they neglected to help out one another (OSullivan Dooley, 2012). Because of this, the hierarchical culture was not compelling, which impeded the fruitful administration of development at Carrefour. By keeping up a decent culture inside the association, it could have been simpler to OCAI instrument The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument or OCAI is used via Carrefour, Saudi Arabia to survey the hierarchical culture and ensure that the staffs perform to their potential for empowering development all through. This would cause them to alter with the progressions as well as permit them to work in coordination and as a unit through the foundation of a decent culture inside the work environment. The OCAI instrument is utilized as a viable appraisal apparatus for assessing the authoritative culture and want for changes actualized through the different development methods. The Competing Values system and distinctive culture types are utilized as significant perspectives identified with the OCAI evaluation device (Camisn Villar-Lpez, 2014). Contending values system The contending esteems structure comprises of the four significant quadrants including the team up, make, control and contend. The appraisal apparatus is utilized for empowering adaptability and versatility and besides permits the representatives to think about the advancement as a positive result. The Collaborate quadrant could empower the staffs and representatives of Carrefour to work in coordination and organize on the common qualities. This would advance great correspondence between the laborers and build up a positive work culture inside the working environment. The Create quadrant would permit them to show their inventive abilities and encourage advancement by lining up with the vision and destinations of Carrefour. The people working for Carrefour must be adaptable to consider the progressions and this could be bolstered by a constructive culture for moving towards the future (Eeckelaert et al., 2012). The make quadrant would likewise permit the staffs to get imaginative and accentuate on the achievement of results easily. This could have encouraged the improvement of the web based shopping application through the advancement of a convincing vision and producing new thoughts for the future too. The Compete quadrant centers around the people who are worried about the opposition and accomplishment of objectives and goals by going up against one another (Ikramullah et al., 2016). The Compete quadrant would permit the people to accelerate the administration of business forms and acquire higher piece of the overall industry and guarantee brand value as well. The control quadrant could empower explanation of jobs and duties of the laborer at Carrefour, moreover lead investigates and plausibility study to comprehend whether the advancement strategies would be helpful or not (Vila, Perez Morillas, 2012). To improve the hierarchical viability, the contending esteems system helped in giving better steadiness, control and adaptability. It was likewise guaranteed that the representatives cooperate in coordinati

Unit 1 Assignment 1 Windows 2008 Network Services Free Essays

Unit 1 †Assignment 1 †Windows 2008 Network Services If you have a directed neighborhood and fast connections that are genuinely solid, you may have the option to utilize one DNS server for a bigger, numerous sub-got arrange territory. On the off chance that you have a high number of customer hubs on a solitary subnet structure, you should include more than one DNS server to the subnet to give reinforcement and failover if the favored DNS server quits reacting. While deciding the quantity of DNS servers you have to utilize, survey the impact of zone moves and DNS inquiry traffic on more slow connections in your system. We will compose a custom paper test on Unit 1 Assignment 1 Windows 2008 Network Services or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that DNS is intended to help diminish communicate traffic between nearby subnets, it creates some traffic among servers and customers that ought to be audited, especially when utilized in impressively directed LAN or WAN conditions. Think about the impacts of zone move over more slow speed joins, similar to those regularly utilized for a wide territory organize (WAN) association. Windows 7 Check Your Understanding iframe class=wp-installed content sandbox=allow-contents security=restricted style=position: outright; cut: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); src=https://phdessay.com/windows-7-registration understanding/insert/#?secret=cW3i1hWumW information secret=cW3i1hWumW width=500 height=282 title=#8220;Windows 7 Check Your Understanding#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com frameborder=0 marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 scrolling=no/iframe Despite the fact that the DNS Server administration bolsters gradual zone moves and DNS customers and servers can reserve as of late utilized names, traffic contemplations are here and there still an issue, especially when DHCP leases are abbreviated and, therefore, dynamic updates in DNS are performed all the more every now and again. One choice for managing remote areas on WAN connections is to set up a DNS server at these areas to give storing just DNS administration. With most establishments, you ought to have in any event two server PCs facilitating every one of your DNS zones for adaptation to internal failure. DNS was intended to have two servers for each zone, one as an essential server and the different as a reinforcement or optional server. When making any last judgments about the quantity of servers to utilize, first evaluate the degree of adaptation to non-critical failure you requirement for your system. Since there is no fixed breaking point to the most extreme number of customers a DHCP server can support or to the quantity of degrees you can make on a DHCP server, the essential elements to consider when you decide the quantity of DHCP servers to utilize are arrange engineering and server equipment. For instance, in a solitary subnet condition, only one DHCP server is fundamental, despite the fact that you might need to utilize two servers or convey a DHCP server group for expanded adaptation to internal failure. In different subnet situations, switches should advance DHCP messages between subnets, so switch execution can influence your DHCP administration. In the two cases, DHCP server equipment influences administration to customers. Instructions to refer to Unit 1 Assignment 1 Windows 2008 Network Services, Papers

Why Its Important to Apologize

Why It's Important to Apologize Stress Management Relationship Stress Print Why Its Important to Apologize in Relationships By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on August 16, 2019 Björn Meyer / Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Many people have complicated feelings about apologies, and not all of our thoughts and feelings about apologies line up. Some of us were forced to apologize as children when we hurt someone, and some of us apologized freely and felt immediately better after having done so. Some people feel shamed by apologizing while others feel ashamed until we have done so. A popular movie from decades ago declared that Love means never having to say youre sorry, while many relationship experts warn that never apologizing in a relationship is a sure way to risk losing it. Positive Outcomes From Giving a Sincere Apology We may have learned about the need for apologizing when weve hurt a friendâ€"accidentally or otherwiseâ€"but do you know why apologizing is really important, and what function a good apology serves? Researchers and psychologists have pinpointed some important reasons why apologizing is necessary when social rules have been violated. Some of the good things that come from a sincere apology: Apologizing when youve broken a rule of social conductâ€"from cutting in line to breaking the lawâ€"re-establishes that you know what the rules are, and you agree that they should be upheld. This allows others to feel safe knowing you agree that hurtful behavior isnt OK.Apologies re-establish dignity for those you hurt. Letting the injured party know that you know it was your fault, not theirs, helps them feel better, and it helps them save face.Apologizing helps repair relationships by getting people talking again, and makes them feel comfortable with each other again.A sincere apology allows you to let people know youre not proud of what you did, and wont be repeating the behavior. That lets people know youre the kind of person who is generally careful not to hurt others and puts the focus on your better virtues, rather than on your worst mistakes. Benefits of Apologizing Relationships can be great sources of stress relief, but conflict can cause considerable stress, which really takes a toll. Learn the art of apologizing effectively and you may find a significant reduction in the negative effects of conflict and relationship stress because apologies help us put the conflict behind us and move on more easily. There are many benefits that come from forgiveness in terms of and happiness and stress relief as well. In these ways, being adept at apologizing when appropriate can bring the benefits that come with stronger relationships, reduced conflict, and forgivenessâ€"its well worth the effort. Why Apologizing Is so Hard for Some People For some people, apologizing feels like an admission that they are inadequate--that, rather than having made a mistake, there is something inherently wrong with them. Others believe that offering the first apology after an argument is an admission of guilt and responsibility for the entirety of a conflict that involved wrongs on the part of both parties; they think an apology from them will allow the other person to take no responsibility for their own part in the conflict. Sometimes an apology seems to call added attention to a mistake that may have gone unnoticed. However, in the right circumstances, a well-delivered, appropriately sincere apology will generally avoid all of these issues, and will merely serve to usher in a resolution, reaffirm shared values, and restore positive feelings. You just have to know when and how to deliver your apology. When Apologizing Is a Good Idea If something youve done has caused pain for another person, its a good idea to apologize, even if whatever you did was unintentional. This is because apologizing opens up the doors to communication, which allows you to reconnect with the person who was hurt. It also allows you to express regret that they have been hurt, which lets them know you really care about their feelings; this can help them feel safer with you again. Also, apologizing allows you to discuss what the rules should be in the future, especially if a new one needs to be made, which is often the case when you didnt hurt the other person intentionally. (Creating new rules for the relationship can help you be protected from getting hurt in the future as well.) Basically, if you care about the other person and the relationship, and you can avoid offending behavior in the future, an apology is usually a good idea. This doesnt mean that you need to take responsibility for things that were not your fault. For example, you can express regret at unintentionally hurting someones feelings, but you dont have to say you should have known better if you truly feel there is no way you could have known they would be hurt by your actionsâ€"this is where creating a new rule can help. (For example, Im sorry I woke you! Now that I know you dont want people to call you after 8 p.m., I will be careful not to do so.) Taking responsibility also means specifying what you did that you believe was wrong, but can entail gently mentioning what you believe was not wrong on your part. In this way, you protect yourself from the feeling that if you are the first to apologize, you are taking responsibility for the whole conflict, or for the bulk of it. When Apologizing May Be a Bad Idea It is important to note that apologies that involve empty promises are a bad idea. One of the important functions of an apology is that it affords the opportunity to re-establish trust; resolving not to repeat the offending behaviorâ€"or to make whatever change is possibleâ€"is an important part of an apology. If you promise to change but then dont, the apology merely calls attention to the fact that youve done something even you agree is wrong, but refuse to change. Dont make promises you cant keep, but do try to make reasonable promises to avoid hurting the person in the future, and the follow through on those promises. If the other person is expecting something unreasonable or impossible, perhaps youre taking responsibility for more than you need to. Tips for Sincerely Apologizing An insincere apology can often do more damage than no apology at all. When you are apologizing, it is important to include a few key ingredients do you can apologize sincerely. They should help you to maintain healthy, happy relationships with your friends, family and loved ones.

Analysis Of Crane Brinton s Anatomy Of A Revolution Essay

It is human nature to search for patterns. In the stars, lines of a poem, or in Crane Brinton’s case, in history. To fight for what we believe in is natural, but history has proven that while seeking an improved quality of life, a reform stage is implemented. Once it is found that the current system cannot help the cause, radical measures are taken to overthrow one structure in favor of a more effectively organized mode of leadership. Finally, the reactionary stage addresses any unexpected consequences by stepping back and evaluating what may have gotten out of hand and prioritizing, because consequential rebellions tend to take on a force of their own. France and Russia are a couple of countries who have carried out these steps, but to really analyze the model we head to the new world. The American Revolution serves as a prime example of Crane Brinton s Anatomy of a Revolution because it consisted of reform stage of rising expectations, revolutionary ideologies and the accom panying coalitions were crucial during the radical stage, and unexpected consequences were seen during the reactionary stage, though the revolutionaries did not shy away from their cause. It is country with rich and involved history, but it has not always been so well structured. Reform is defined as the amendment of a practice by means of removing existing faults or abuses, according the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It is no surprise that Crane Brinton’s model of revolutions begins with a reform

Depression And Memory Loss Of The Elderly - 1160 Words

Depression and Memory Loss In the Elderly Pam Randol Meredith Michaud Psychology 220 September 8, 2014 Depression and Memory Loss In the Elderly The Golden Years as it is called, life after retirement. My mother in law would always say â€Å"whoever thought of that term was out of their mind because it is definitely NOT the Golden Years.† Imagine that one day you are working and feeling good and the next you are retired with nothing to do and nowhere to go. So many older people slip into a form of depression not knowing what to do with the next phase of their life. You think about retiring, playing golf, traveling, spending time with grandkids but most the time this is an unrealistic thought. New research suggests that retiring†¦show more content†¦Memory loss usually becomes the main focus by the doctor rather than the suppressive illness. Depression can cause forgetfulness, confusion and difficulty concentrating. Symptoms such as loss of interest in life, lack of enjoyment doing activities, feeling tired all the time, poor sleep, weight loss or gain, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, chronic unexplained pain and memory loss can be correctly attributed to poor health, dementia and old age. In serious depression, thoughts of suicide or death are common. Untreated depression can develop into a problem. There is evidence that depression takes a serious toll on a person’s physical health. Physical pain is one symptom of depression that is generally overlooked. A study that was published in the Psychosomatic Medical Journal found that two thirds of people with depression also were in some sort of physical pain. Depression can also bring on changes in behavior from not wanting to leave home, not eating, alcohol or drug abuse, talking about being useless, sadness, irritability, neglecting personal care and even hoarding. These behaviors should be a red flag to friends and family to the possibilities of depression. Some causes of depression in older people are health and loneliness, loss of their partner, pet, friends and family. The key is to keep busy and to maintain some type of structure in your life. Often medication that is taken to treat physical problems can cause

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 37 Free Essays

The next morning found them al back at the boardinghouse. After the previous night’s rain, the sunshine had a fresh quality to it, and everything felt bright and damp and clean, despite the smel of smoke that permeated the boardinghouse and the charred remains of the garage that could be glimpsed through the windows of the den. Elena sat on the couch, leaning against Stefan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 37 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He traced the burn lines, nearly entirely faded, on the back of her hand. â€Å"How do they feel, heroine?† he asked. â€Å"They hardly hurt at al , thanks to Damon.† Damon, on the other side of Stefan, gave her a brief, blinding smile but said nothing. They were al being careful of one another, Elena thought. She felt – and she thought everyone else probably did, too like the day looked: shining and freshly washed, but slightly fragile. There was a lot of quiet murmuring back and forth, exchanged smiles, comfortable pauses. It was like they had completed a long journey or a difficult task together, and now it was time to rest. Celia, dressed in pale linen trousers and a silk dove-gray top, elegant and poised as always, cleared her throat. â€Å"I’m leaving today,† she said when they al looked up at her. Her bags sat neatly on the floor beside her feet. â€Å"There’s a train to Boston in forty-five minutes, if someone wil drive me to the station.† â€Å"Of course I’l take you,† Alaric said promptly, getting to his feet. Elena glanced at Meredith, but Meredith was frowning at Celia in concern. â€Å"You don’t have to go, you know,† she told her. â€Å"We’d al like it if you stayed.† Celia shrugged expressively and gave a little sigh. â€Å"Thank you, but it is time I get going. Despite the fact that we destroyed a priceless rare book and I wil probably never be al owed on the Dalcrest campus again, I wouldn’t have missed this whole experience for the world.† Meredith grinned at her and raised one eyebrow. â€Å"Even the brushes with death?† Celia raised an eyebrow of her own. â€Å"Was there a part that wasn’t a brush with death?† They laughed, and Elena was grateful to see that the tension between them had evaporated. â€Å"We’l be glad to have you anytime you want to come back, dear,† Mrs. Flowers said to Celia earnestly. â€Å"I wil always have a room for you.† â€Å"Thank you,† Celia said, looking touched. â€Å"I hope I can come back and see you al again someday.† She and Alaric left the room, and soon the rest of them heard the sounds of the outside door shutting and a car starting up. â€Å"Good-bye, Celia,† Bonnie chirped. â€Å"She turned out to be okay in the end, though, didn’t she?† She went on without waiting for an answer. â€Å"What are we going to do today? We need to have an adventure before summer ends.† â€Å"You haven’t had enough adventure yet?† Matt asked her disbelievingly from where he was sprawled on a rocking chair in the corner. â€Å"I mean a fun, summery kind of adventure,† she said. â€Å"Not al doom and gloom and battles to the death, but fun-in-thesun stuff. Do you realize we’ve got only about three weeks before it’s time to start school again? If we don’t want our only real memories of this summer in Fel ‘s Church to be one disastrous picnic and a horrific battle with a phantom, we’d better get started. I vote we go out to the county fair today. Come on!† she urged them, bouncing in her seat. â€Å"Rol er coasters! Fun houses! Fried dough! Cotton candy! Damon can win me a big stuffed animal and take me through the Tunnel of Love! It’l be an adventure!† She fluttered her eyelashes at Damon flirtatiously, but he didn’t take her up on her teasing. In fact, he was gazing down into his lap with a strained expression. â€Å"You’ve done very wel , children,† said Mrs. Flowers approvingly. â€Å"You certainly deserve some time to relax.† No one answered. Damon’s tense silence was fil ing the room, drawing everyone’s eyes to him. Final y, Stefan cleared his throat. â€Å"Damon?† he asked cautiously. Damon clenched his jaw and raised his eyes to meet theirs. Elena frowned. Was that guilt on Damon’s face? Damon didn’t do guilt – remorse wasn’t one of his many qualities. â€Å"Listen,† he said abruptly. â€Å"I realized†¦ while I was making my way back from the Dark Dimension†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped again. Elena exchanged an anxious glance with Stefan. Again, stammering and having trouble finding the words to say what he wanted to say were not typical of Damon. Damon shook his head and col ected himself. â€Å"While I was remembering who I was, while I was barely alive again, and then while I was getting ready to come back to Fel ‘s Church, and everything was so painful and difficult,† he said, â€Å"al I could think of was how we – how Elena – had moved heaven and earth to find Stefan. She wouldn’t give up her hunt, no matter what obstacles she faced. I’d helped her – I’d risked everything to do so – and we were successful. We found Stefan and we brought him home, safe and sound. But when it was my turn to be lost, you al left me on that moon alone.† â€Å"But Damon,† said Elena, reaching out to him, â€Å"we thought you were dead.† â€Å"And we did try to move heaven and earth to save you,† Bonnie said earnestly, her big brown eyes fil ing with tears. â€Å"You know that. Elena tried everything to bribe the Guardians to get you back. She almost went crazy with grief. They just kept saying that when a vampire died, he or she was gone for good.† â€Å"I know that now,† Damon said. â€Å"I’m not angry anymore. I haven’t been angry about it for what seems like ages. That’s not why I’m tel ing you this.† He glanced guiltily at Elena. â€Å"I need to apologize to al of you.† There was a tiny col ective gasp. Damon just didn’t apologize. Ever. Elena frowned. â€Å"What for?† Damon shrugged, and the ghost of a smirk passed over his face. â€Å"What not for, my princess.† He sobered. â€Å"The truth is, I didn’t deserve saving. I’ve done terrible things to you al as a vampire, and even when I became human again. I fought Meredith; I endangered Bonnie in the Dark Dimension. I endangered al of you.† He looked around the room. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said to everyone, a note of sincerity and regret in his voice. Bonnie’s lips trembled; then she threw her arms around Damon. â€Å"I forgive you!† Damon smiled and awkwardly patted her hair. He exchanged a solemn nod with Meredith that seemed to indicate that she also forgave him – this time. â€Å"Damon,† said Matt, shaking his head. â€Å"Are you sure you’re not possessed? You seem a little†¦ off. You’re never polite to any of us but Elena.† â€Å"Wel ,† said Damon, looking relieved at having gotten the confession off his chest, â€Å"don’t get used to it. Matt.† Matt looked so startled and pleased that Damon had cal ed him the right name for a change, instead of â€Å"Mutt† or nothing at al , that Damon might as wel have given him a present. Elena saw Stefan give his brother a sly, affectionate nudge, and Damon elbowed him back. No, she wouldn’t get used to it. Damon, temporarily drained of his jealousies and resentments, was as beautiful and intriguing as ever, but a heck of a lot easier to get along with. It wouldn’t last, but she could enjoy it for now. She took a moment to real y look at them, the Salvatore brothers. The vampires she loved. Stefan with his soft dark curls and sea green eyes, his long limbs and the sensitive curve of his mouth that she always longed to kiss. Sweetness and solidity and a sorrow she’d had a hand in lightening. Damon, leather and silk and fine chiseled features. Mercurial and devastating. She loved them both. She couldn’t be sorry, couldn’t be anything other than sin cerely, whol y grateful for the fate that had thrown them in her path. But it wouldn’t be easy. She couldn’t imagine what would happen when this new comfort and friendliness between the brothers, between al of them, ended. She didn’t doubt that it would dissolve. Irritations and jealousies were just a part of life, and they would build up again. She squeezed Stefan’s hand in hers and smiled past him at Damon, whose dark eyes warmed. Inwardly, she sighed a little, then smiled more widely. Bonnie was right: Col ege was just around the corner, a whole new adventure. Until then, they should take their pleasures where they could find them. â€Å"Cotton candy?† she said. â€Å"I can’t remember the last time I had cotton candy. I’m definitely up for Bonnie’s idea of adventure.† Stefan brushed his lips against hers in a kiss that was as sweet and light as cotton candy itself, and she leaned into the comfort of his arms. It couldn’t last. Elena knew it. But she was very happy. Stefan was himself again, not angry or fearful or grieving, but himself, the one she loved. And Damon was alive, and safe, and with them. Al her friends were around her. She was truly home at last. How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 37, Essay examples

Douglas And Barlow Essay Research Paper Douglass free essay sample

Douglas And Barlow Essay, Research Paper Douglass and Barlow Language and instruction are cardinal factors in finding how difficult it will be for a individual to go successful in this state. Barlow explains this better because he isn? T as focused on stating his ain narrative. Barlow decidedly explains his point better than Douglas. Douglas tells more of a short narrative refering a personal experience, while Barlow discusses the subject and several options. Barlow starts his column off by exemplifying a book he read his first twelvemonth of instruction. The narrative is about Hyman Kaplan, a German Judaic immigrant in his mid-fortiess who is enrolled in a category titled? American Night Preparatory School for Adults? . The narrative illustrates how he is larning the English linguistic communication. He is reminded of this narrative by a narrative on telecasting about two non-English talkers who were refused service at a saloon someplace in the province of Washington. He compares these two narratives he brings up the controversial topic of, the jobs with educating non-English speech production pupils. He brings up different points refering this topic, although every solution has its pros and cons. Douglas negotiations about his battle in the early portion of his life ; larning to read and compose was a great challenge in his environment. He talks about his personal experiences. This column is chiefly a short narrative of his life as a slave. How he had to mouse around to read, or to learn himself how to compose. Another cardinal portion of his column is where he talks about the emotionally disabling experience he went through larning how to foster his believing procedure. When he learned to read he discovered a portion of him that he couldn? t deny or ignore. He learned about freedom and conceived the sentiment that every human deserved freedom, no affair what race or colour. These two writers are both exemplifying jobs that we have delt with or are presently covering with in our society. Both concern rights of different cultural groups. Both writers explain the pros and cons of the state of affairs being addressed. It is interesting that both columns contain person that is fighting to larn to read and compose in English. Barlow? s column trades with English instruction of non-American immigrants and Douglass? s column trades with English instruction of an American. We are presently covering with both of these jobs in today? s society. We have several ways of learning people of different cultural groups the English linguistic communication. The constructs sing whether or non we should do all citizens of this state learn to read, compose and talk the English linguistic communication, and hoe we g about learning it if we do differ in different pars of the state. That is one of the topics brought up n Barlow? s column. Should we do a certain scheme obligator y? Douglas doesn? t discuss this job straight, but this job surfaces in his column. The topics discussed in both columns portion a common discourse community. They both are larning different facets of the English linguistic communication. Douglass is a great illustration for Barlow? s statements. Douglass didn? Ts have any options in his acquisition manner ; he had T O larn the lone manner he could. Timess have decidedly changed since Douglas? s narrative. Now, bondage is abolished and there are equal rights for all races and cultural groups in our state. However his narrative still relates in the common racial jobs. Douglas being treated un-humanely because of his race, and the Mexican frequenters in Barlow? s column being treated below the belt in the saloon. Barlow brings up several options, they all have there pros and cons in the facet of which 1 is the best action, but they all will carry through the undertaking that Douglass accomplished: larning the English linguistic communication. Racism is a large issue in both columns besides. It is another discourse community both Douglass and the Mexican frequenters belong to. Even though every bit stated above, bondage has been abolished there is still racial jobs between inkinesss and Whites. There are racial jobs between most races. The Mexican frequenters in Barlow? s column are refused service in the saloon because of their race. Douglass is refused freedom in general because of his race. Barlow? s statements on immigrant instruction are still a large issue in our society, and the racial issues in Douglass? s narrative are still apparent in a batch of state of affairss. It is dry how Douglass? s dated statements can be compared to Barlow? s current statements. Back in the epoch of bondage it would non hold made sense to compare these statements, the chief ground being that non-English speech production immigrants were so thin that it wasn? t a job. But in today? s society the two columns have a batch of common statements. Repairing one job might repair the other or it might non impact it at all. That is why Douglass? s racial issue is still a controversial issue to this twenty-four hours. Although we have made an unprecedented sum of Torahs and ordinances to repair racial struggles, the job still exist, although it is better, it still exists. The manner in which Barlow represents his topic is decidedly clearer and it gives you several options and illustrations. Douglas leaves you to organize your ain sentiments and redresss. Barlow really discusses the instruction job, and hits on several cardinal points. Barlow? s essay is a batch more educational on the jobs discussed. And we should hold a better manner of covering with this controversial topic of race and instruction. We need to retrieve that the United States of America stands for freedom. This state is made up of immigrants, and how we could bury that and get down depriving African American? s, or Spanish americans of their humane rights because they are from a different state and cultural group is uncomprehendable. We do need to cover with this state of affairs in an orderly mode, but we shouldn? Ts have to cover with this state of affairs at all sing why this state was established and what it is supposed to stand for. The instruction job is apprehensible and besides necessitate to be delt with in an orderly mode. That is a really of import criterion in this state. Everyone should hold the chance to acquire an instruction if they want one. Over all we have done a good occupation on supplying equal chances for instruction in this state for the past two decennaries, and there is no uncertainty it will merely better.

Examples of Sensory Imagery Flashcard

Examples of Sensory Imagery

GUISEPPE MAZZINI essays

GUISEPPE MAZZINI essays The Italian nationalist Guiseppe Mazzini was considered not only a patron saint for his revolutionary actions, but a main character for laying the foundation for the unification of Italy. Guiseppes background, accomplishments, and his problems all contributed to his success as one of the most famous revolutionaries of Italy. Mazzini was born in 1805 in Genoa and died at the age of 67 in 1872. His teenage years were spent studying literary and philosophical studies. His literary style was remarkably fine. He wrote on politics, social science, philosophy, and literature. He was enrolled in the University of Genoa at the age of 14. He soon joined the Carboni. This group was a secret society that flourished in Italy, who originated in the kingdom of Naples in 1808. He was temporarily held in prison for revolutionary actions when he was a member of the Carboni, but he fled into exile. His accomplishments started at a very young age. He first developed a name for himself by becoming the founder of the revolutionary secret society Young Italy, which led a strong campaign for Italian unity under a republican government. Through his many ideas and writings he became a model of national sentiments. One of his most successful published books was The Duties of Man. This book explained that there was a hierarchy of duty, which showed God as first priority, Nation, and your family. During Mazzinis exile he had been condemned to death in Absentia. During the uprising States of Milan, the Papal States, and the Two Sicilies, Mazzini returned to Italy secretly to avoid death and took a position as a revolutionary leader of the Roman Empire. Mazzini had also advocated a mass revolt to force the Austrians and the papacy out of power. Many lost their lives, but were still inspired by his teachings and writings. Although Guiseppe had many victories, he also had many problems. He his impor ...

Beckett's prose Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beckett's prose - Term Paper Example Considering the times, it makes sense that much of Samuel Beckett’s works—his plays, poetry, and novels—focus on the theme of madness. This reaches back very early in Beckett’s career, even in his first novel, Murphy, published in 1938. It explains why many consider Beckett an existentialist, although as Ackerley and Gontarski state, Beckett’s views are far removed from Sartre’s existentialism (501). Much of Beckett’s works, especially his plays written after the war, have existential themes, although it is incorrect to pigeonhole him as an existentialist. It seems that as Beckett progressed in his career, he became both more existential and minimalist. Beckett is often mislabeled as an existentialist because of his connection with Theatre of the Absurd as described by Martin Esslin (n.p.), who coined the phrase and used Beckett and Waiting for Godot as his main examples. Plays in the Theatre of the Absurd genre have been strongly influenced by existentialism. Esslin saw them as the fulfillment of the existential thinker Albert Camus’ concept of â€Å"the absurd.† By placing Beckett’s plays within the genre and connecting them with Camus, Beckett was subsequently wrongly closely associated with the existentialists. It cannot be denied, however, that Beckett’s works, even his earlier ones like Murphy, have existential themes. Esslin describes these themes as â€Å"the sense of metaphysical anguish at the absurdity of the human condition† and the â€Å"sense of the senselessness of life, of the inevitable devaluation of ideals, purity, and purpose† (n.p.). Beckett’s works, including Murphy, can be placed squarely within this tradition of writing. Murphy is Beckett’s second work of prose, and his first novel. Unlike most of his works, which were composed in French, it was written in his

Semiotic is a discipline, which can provide a unified framework for Essay

Semiotic is a discipline, which can provide a unified framework for conducting the different activities within information syste - Essay Example These elements will provide the basis of the discussion on how the unified frameworks along with other capabilities will help organisations solve the challenges entailed in designing, building and maintaining information systems. The Quest for Meaning Henry Stubbes was credited to have first coined the term "semeiotics" when he identified it as a branch of medical science that interpret signs (Bhaduri, 2008, pp.246). John Locke also referred to the terms semeiotike and semeiotics when he explained his notion about the branches of science. He stated: All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts (Locke, 1823, pp.174). It was Locke’s third branch, where he mentioned semiotics as one of those part of exact knowledge. The work of Charles Pierce and later on Ferdinand de Saussure, however, established the modern notion of the discipline. Pierce referred to the concept of semiotic as a quasi-necessary or formal doctrine of signs. His position on signs is based on his three classifications of its dimensions: icons, indices and symbols (Rahmann, 2001, pp.4). Saussure contributed to the semiotic thought through his discourse of his version of semiotics, which he called as semiology. In 1915, he declared that: A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology; I shall call it Semiology. Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them†¦ Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semio logy; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics (cited in Rahmann, pp.3) Today, adherents of semiotics consider, interpret, classify and analyze signs according to the manner of transmission. The code is a crucial variable in this process because it is the means by which meaning is understood. A new word, for example could easily be coined. Saussure did this with his â€Å"semiology† term. The act alone did not ensure that meaning is transmitted. First, the word must be recognized by the society. Then, it must be transmitted according to the grammatical structures and codes of such society. This is the general framework that underpins semiotics. In the present language, semiology is semiotics. Let us consider the case of a poem. It is an example of a semiotic system because it is consisted of signs in the form of content or rhythm, wherein each constitute a term and a concept not unlike the sensation that one will experience with the aesthetics of the figure of speech. One can also cite the case of a song. Say, in Kenny Loggins’ song Footloose: the lyrics is the message, the score becomes a text and the device where these are communicated could be a digital music player. These examples show how semiotic systems are considered the organisation of patterns that typify signs, which –

Components Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Components Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs in children, adolescents, and adults. OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The two main component of OCD are obsession and compulsion. Individuals with obsessions often attempt to ease the stress that the obsessions cause through compulsions (Shih, Belmonte, Zandi, 2004). Types of OCD Obsessions Aggressive/ catastrophic Religious Sexual Contamination Somatic Compulsions Hoarding Counting Confessing/ asking Ordering/arranging Washing In a developmental study conducted by Geller and his colleagues (2001), OCD in childhood and adolescence was male preponderant and associated with a higher frequency of aggression/catastrophe obsessions, hoarding and saving compulsions, multiple obsessions and compulsions, and poor insight compared with adult OCD. Sexual and religious obsessions were selectively more prevalent in adolescents compared with either children or adults. Children with OCD had higher rates of Tourettes disorder and separation anxiety disorder than older age groups, but mood disorders were similarly high in both adolescents and adults with OCD. Adults with OCD also had higher rates of substance use and eating disorders than either children or adolescents. This study indicated that age specific correlates with different types of OCD. DSM Diagnosis Criteria of OCD (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) A. The Person Exhibits Either Obsessions or Compulsions Obsessions are indicated by the following: The person has recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress The thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems The person attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, impulses, or images or to neutralize them with some other thought or action The person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind (not imposed from without as in thought insertion) Compulsions are indicated by the following: The person has repetitive behaviors (eg, hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (eg, praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive. B. At some point during the course of the disorder, the person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable. (Note: this does not apply to children.) C. The obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress, are time consuming (take more than 1 hour a day), or significantly interfere with the persons normal routine, occupational/academic functioning, or usual social activities or relationships. D. If another axis I disorder is present, the content of the obsessions or compulsions is not restricted to it (e.g., preoccupation with drugs in the presence of a substance abuse disorder). E. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiologic effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition. Sign and Symptoms of OCD Most people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have both obsessions and compulsions, but some people experience just one or the other (Help Guide, 2010). Common obsessive thoughts in OCD include (Help Guide, 2010): Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others. Fear of causing harm to yourself or others. Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images. Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas. Fear of losing or not having things you might need. Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up just right. Superstitions; excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky. Common compulsive behaviors in OCD include (Help Guide, 2010): Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and switches. Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure theyre safe. Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing other senseless things to reduce anxiety. Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning. Ordering, evening out, or arranging things just so. Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by religious fear. Accumulating junk such as old newspapers, magazines, and empty food containers, or other things you dont have a use for. ETIOLOGY Biological Aspects of OCD Family and twin studies Family studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the first degree relatives of patients as compared to controls (Hettema, Neale, Kendler, as cited inTaberner et al., 2009). Studies of OCD patients and their families have established a 10% prevalence of OCD in first degree relatives (Brynes, 2009). One American study (as cited in Anxiety Care, 2011) suggested that up to 30% of teenagers with OCD had a member of the immediate family with the problem or with obsessive symptoms. However, a two years study carried out by Black (2003, as cited in Waite Williams, 2009) demonstrated that although the children of parents with OCD were likely to go on to develop an emotional disorder, it was not particularly likely to be OCD. In studies of twins, there is a 63% concordance rate for OCD in identical twins (Brynes, 2009). Twin studies suggested a higher concordance rate in monozygotic as compared to dizygotic twins (Samuels Nestadt, 1997; Eley, Bolto n, OConnor, Perrin, Smith, Plomin, 2003). Because MZ twins share 100% of their genes and DZ twins share 50% of their genes on average, the concordance rate for a genetically influenced disorder is expected to be higher for MZ twins than for DZ twins (Shih, Belmonte, Zandi, 2004). Brain structure and chemistry Positron emission tomography (PET) studies measuring resting glucose metabolism have reported hyperactivity in the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate cortices, striatum, and thalamus in patients with OCD (Saxena et al., as cited in Busatto et al., 2001).Researcher believed that OCD may be developed by the abnormal metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortes, the anterior cingulate, and the caudate nucleus (Dejdar, 2002). The interaction between these different parts is called a cortico-basal ganglia network (Dejdar, 2002). Dejdar described that these cortico-basal ganglia interactions make up a neural system that is crucial in the acquisition of habits and also establishing a fixed routine of performing those habits, which in turn connected to the typical behaviors of OCD where people maintain certain obsessive habits and continue to perform those habits. Study by Lewin, Storch, Adkins, Murphy, Geffken (2005) supported the neurochemical etiology involving a functional disturbance in the frontal-limbic-basal ganglia system as well as thalamic and cortical neurostructural abnormalities. It is hypothesized that if cortical regions are dysfunctional in patients with OCD, then conscious mechanisms must be used to accomplish what would occur automatically in an unimpaired brain (Sturm, 2008). As a result, inappropriate or obsessive thoughts repeatedly intrude and conscious thought processes suppress them, facilitated by accompanying ritualistic behaviors (Neel, Stevens, Stewart, as cited in Sturm, 2008). There is a strong connection between basal ganglia and OCD. Several studies have implicated that basal ganglia is active during the learning or execution of sequential behavior (Brown, 1997; Graybiel, 1998). Graybiel (1998) explained that the chunking functions of the basal ganglia helps people to focus. Chunking refers to the organization of information into specific associated groups (Dolan DNA learning center, n.d.). This happened when the dopamine released in the basal ganglia system communicates with the brain areas in the prefrontal cortex to allow people to pay attention to critical tasks, ignoring distracting information (Dolan DNA learning center, n.d.). In an experiment by Graybiel, she hypothesized that the basal ganglia system helps the cortex to chunk learning into habits and routines to help the brain quickly access stored information. The experiment of Graybiel was done on training the rats on maze tasks and records the firing groups of neurons in the striatum as the r ats learn, forget, and then relearn the task. When the rats get used to the maze, lots of cells in motor striatum tend to fire at the beginning and the end of the run instead of the whole thing. This happened because the basal ganglia has chunked the behavior. The symptoms of OCD included repetitive, intrusive thoughts and compulsions which lead to ritualistic behaviors such as washing, counting and checking. These behaviors according to Graybiel involved sequential acts and they are performed as chunks, unitized and driven by the extraordinary imperative of urges and compulsions that the patient recognizes as abnormal and out of the persons control. As the result, OCD patients showed over focused attention to irrelevant stimuli. In OCD patients, an abnormal activation of the striatum has been observed. A clearer view is illustrated by a charity organization, Anxiety Care (2011). The organization explained that the thalamus is involved in sensory perception processes and caudate nucleus, a component within basal ganglia work to sort sensory information and filter thoughts. When these messages are being misinterpreted or misfiring, which mean that the normal electrical activity in the brain is being disrupted by the overactive electrical dischargers, it will causes the problem of communication between nerve cells. This will affect and confused the thinking part of the brain to respond chemically to a threat perceived by the primitive part of the brain as if the danger is real. In effect, the caudate nucleus is letting unnecessary thoughts and impulses through to the cortex where the thoughts and emotions combine; and an over active cingulate nucleus at the brains centre, which helps shift attention from one th ought or behavior to another, becomes over active and gets stuck on certain behaviors, thoughts or ideas. The cingulate is that part of the brain which tells the OCD sufferer that something terrible will happen if the compulsions are not carried out (Anxiety Care, 2011). Besides that, some researchers have suggested that OCD results from the imbalance of the neurotransmitter in the brain which is known as serotonin (Pauls, Mundo, Kennedy, 2002). A study by Stengler-Wenzke, Muller, Angermeyer, Sabri and Hesse (2004) revealed that there is a significant reduction of serotonin transporter availability in the midbrain and upper brainstem in OCD patients. The reduction of serotonin transporter availability may reflect a reduced number of serotonergic neurons that may result in low level of serotonin. Serotonin is responsible for transporting impulses to and away from the nerves (Dejdar, 2006). The physiological activity of serotonin starts from the brainstem in groups of brain cells called raphe nucleus (Function of Serotonin, 2009). Serotonin brain cells then spread to various regions of the central nervous system by branching out throughout the brain(Function of Serotonin, 2009). In a case reported by Cohen, Angladette, Benoit, and Pierrot-Deseilligny (1999), a 59-year-old man developed obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms after his head injury. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans showed a small contusion in the right orbitofrontal region. In the similar case, the single-photon emission CT (SPECT) showed greatly reduced blood flow in the orbitofrontal region of the 59-year-old man with OCD (Cohen et al., 1999). A study by Busatto et al. (2001) supported the findings as their research found reduced right cerebral blood flow in the right orbitofrontal cortex in OCD patients as compared with the healthy control group. Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz (2009) explained that the orbitofrontal cortex is linked to a variety of cognitive and emotional functions. Gray, Braver, and Raichle (as cited in Bracha Brown, 2009) mentioned that emotion and cognition conjointly and equally contribute to the control of thought and behavior. Additionally, Pessoa (as cit ed in Bracha Brown, 2009) added that emotions and cognition not only strongly interact in the brain, but they are often integrated so that they jointly contribute to behavior. Hence, impairment of orbitofrontal cortex contributed to the intrusive thoughts and bizarre behavior of OCD patients (Swinson, Antony, Rachman, Richter, 1998).In particular, lesions of the human orbitofrontal cortex lead to large-scale changes in social and emotional behavior (Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz, 2009). For example, patients with orbitofrontal lesions are reported to suffer from deficits in affective decision-making (Hornak, as cited in Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz, 2009). Consistently, Swinson and his colleagues (1998) stated that OCD patients have difficulties in decision making. Psychological Aspects of OCD According to Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, and Freeston (1999), there are five mechanisms for the development of inflated responsibility which are critical for the development of OCD. Inflated responsibility refers to an excessive sense of personal responsibility related to unwanted or upsetting thoughts (Abramowitz, Deacon, Woods, Tolin, 2004). The first mechanism is being given too much of responsibility. A child or adolescent, who assumed responsibility during early age due to incompetent parenting, might believe that they are responsible for the negative consequences over which they have little or no control. This is related to the parental communications, where the child is scapegoated for negative occurrences whether or not they are in fact responsible. Through this type of upbringing, Salkovskis et al. stated that the child will develop and accept a wide sense of responsibility and are inclined to translate it into a high degree of conscientiousness, marked by a dedication to work and an acute sense of social obligations. The second mechanism in influencing a person to be OCD is the exposure to rigid or extreme codes of conduct. Strict behavioral codes being instilled by schools, authorities or religion will lead to the development and the reinforcement of attitudes about responsibility. In the study by Abramowitz et al., they found evidence that religion and other cultural influences affect the presentation of OCD symptoms. Rasmussin and Tsuang (as cited in Abramowitz et al., 2004) observed that strictly religious patients often had religious themes to their obsessional thoughts and compulsive rituals. An early study by Khanna and Channabasavanna (as cited in Abramowitz et al., 2004) noted a large portion of symptoms related to contamination and washing among Hindus with OCD, and commented that Indian culture emphasizes on the issues of purity and cleanliness. The third mechanism for the development of inflated responsibility is being given too little responsibility. The responsibility is withheld from the child by the parents. Worries are prominent in the family system and the parents are likely to be excessively anxious and fearful themselves, they will be overprotected toward their child. This will thus convey a sense that danger is around the corner to the child. When growing up, the child will have difficulty in leaving home and being independent; he or she is unprepared to cope with the dangers that the child believe to have in the world outside. Salkovskis et al. further mentioned that leaving home is usually marked by the emergence of OCD symptoms in the child. The lack of preparation to deal with the world outside will frighten the child and leads to the development of anxiousness in the child. The fourth route to the development of an inflated sense of responsibility is the sudden critical incidents that happened where a persons action or inaction contributed to serious misfortune. An example illustrated by Salkocskis et al. on a young doctor who gave the wrong prescription to the patients. Although it did not have any adverse effects on the patient, the young doctor was reprimanded intensely by his senior supervisor. Since then, he developed repetitive checking on the prescription and spent an inordinate amount of time in checking the details of each prescription. Another factor that contributed to the exaggerated sense of responsibility occurred from an incident that is in fact coincidental but the person erroneously assumed that their thoughts, actions or inactions contributed to a serious misfortune. This happened though the learning experiences, for example, when a child angrily wishes an adult dead; soon afterwards the adult, by unfortunate coincidence, actually dies (Salkocskis et al., 1999). The child will think that it is his fault and he has caused the death but actually it was just a coincidence. Salkocskis et al. described that people who are prone to the cognitive bias of thought-action fusion are the ones who are most likely to experience inflations of responsibility and thus contribute to the origins of OCD. PHYSIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Medication Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor The pathogenesis of OCD has been linked to abnormal serotonin levels. Drugs which increase levels of serotonin in the brain have been shown to improve symptoms of OCD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants to deal with OCD (Taylor, 2009). SSRIs included citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline (Taylor, 2009). Taylor in his study discussed that SSRIs ease the anxious feeling of OCD patients by affecting the neurotransmitters of the brain that used to communicate between brain cells. SSRIs block the reuptake or re-absorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Changing the balance of serotonin seems to help brain cells send and receive chemical messages, which in turn boosts patients mood. Taylor explained that SSRIs are called selective because they seem to primarily affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters. Side effects of SSRIs included nausea, headaches and insomnia (Taylor, 2009). In evaluating the safety and effectiveness of sertraline in children and adolescents, Cook et al. (2001) ran a study in United States. Their research indicated that long-term sertraline treatment was well tolerated and effective in the treatment of childhood and adolescent OCD. In consistent with the result of sertraline, studies has showed that fluoxetine, citalopram and fluvoxamine were well tolerate and effective in treating children and adolescent with OCD (Liebowitz et al., 2002; Riddle et al., 2001). Nonetheless, six adverse events occurred significantly more frequently in fluoxetine patients who experienced palpitations, weight loss, drowsiness, tremors, nightmares, and muscle aches (Riddle et al., 2001). Escitalopram, another type of SSRI has been examined by researchers in Malaysia in treating OCD patients (Hatim et al., 2008). The research reviewed that the risk of relapse for those treated with placebo appeared to be four times that of those treated with escitalopram. Moreover, the study suggested that escitalopram is well tolerated in Malaysian patients with OCD. No serious adverse event was reported throughout the study. A few milder side effects have been reported by the patients, such as dizziness, hypertension, delayed ejaculation, and throat tightness. The sample of the study, however, may be too small to yield broad generalizations. Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) such as venlafaxine has been used to manage OCD. Researchers found that venlafaxine may be beneficial to individuals with OCD, including those who have not responded to prior SSRI trials (Hollander, Friedberg, Wasserman, Allen, Birnbaum, Koran, 2003SNRI works by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine (Donaldson, 2010). As low serotonin is associated with OCD, SNRI function to increase the amount of two neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine, and thus enhance the neuronal activity of the brain. The side effects of SNRI included nausea, restlessness, sexual dysfunctions, insomnia, and increased blood pressure (Bandelow, 2008). Tricyclic antidepressants One of the effective tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) that have been using to treat OCD is clomipramine. It was one of the first anti-obsession drugs prescribed in the 1960s, but is less prescribed now due to their unpleasant side effects (Goodman, 2011). The side effects of this drug included dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, seizures, and cardiac side effects (Bandelow, 2008). Bandelow added that TCAs should be avoided in patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide, due to their potential cardiac and central nervous system toxicity after overdose. In general, the side effects of TCAs are more adverse than SSRIs. Therefore, it is usually recommended when the treatment with SSRIs have failed (Taylor, 2009). Neurosurgical treatment More than 10% of OCD patients remain incapacitated despite rigorously involving in medication trials and intensive behavior therapy (Kim et al., 2003). Several neurosurgical procedures have been used in OCD for treating such refractory patients. Cingulotomy is among the neurosurgical methods to deal with OCD. Cingulotomy defined by Carlson (2008) as the surgical destruction of the cingulum bundle, which connects the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system; helps to reduce intense anxiety and the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (p. 489). Anterior cingulotomy targets the anterior cingulate cortex and the fibers of the cingulum has been recently reported as being effective and safe (Dougherty, as cited in Kim et al., 2003). Study by Kim et al. (2003) aimed to to investigate OCD symptom improvements and to evaluate any cognitive changes and adverse effects after cingulotomy. Their study found no evidence of cognitive dysfunction including intelligence, memory and executive fun ction after cingulotomy compared with preoperative performances. In addition, seizure, urinary problems, chronic pain and suicide were not reported and other adverse effects, such as headache, insomnia and weight changes did not continue for more than 3 months. Taken together, they suggested that cingulotomy could be safe in terms of cognitive and other side-effects. Furthermore, deep brain stimulation (DBS), a procedure in which surgically implanted electrodes stimulate localized brain structures, has also been reported to be effective in patients with OCD when the anterior limb of internal capsule was targeted (Nuttin et al., as cited in Cannistraro et al., 2007). Deep brain stimulation surgery involves the placement of tiny implantable electrodes into abnormally functioning areas of the brain through burr holes in the skull; then a neurostimulator, which is commonly implanted near the collarbone; an insulated wire that connects the electrode to the neurostimulator (Brown University, 2003). The electrodes emit pulses of electrical stimulation to block abnormal brain activity that can cause obsessions, moods, and anxieties associated with psychiatric disorders (Brown University, 2003). A study conducted by Gabriels, Cosyns, Nuttin, Demeulemeester, Gybels (2003) concluded that deep brain stimulation may have important therapeutic benefits on psy chopathology in OCD and no harmful side-effects were detected during follow-up up to 33 months (see Appendix A, for case study). However, Greenberg, Rauch, and Haber (2010) stated that hemorrhages on device insertion may have long-lasting or permanent consequences, although relatively rare. Infection represents another significant risk (Greenberg et al., 2010). On the other hand, Greenberg and his colleagues added that the great appeal of DBS in comparison with lesions is that it permits focal, adjustable, and reversible modulation of the brain. Specifically, various combinations of electrodes can be activated, at adjustable polarity, intensity, and frequency; DBS thus permits flexible neuromodulation. The great clinical advantage of this is that parameters can be optimized for individual patients. In cases in which no beneficial settings can be identified despite extensive efforts, the electrodes can be inactivated, and the devices may be removed (Greenberg et al., 2010). DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Overdose TCAs have been revealed to be lethal in overdose (Bandelow, 2008). These drugs should be avoided in patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide, due to their potential cardiac and central nervous system toxicity after overdose (Bandelow, 2008). Although the benefit of SSRI and SNRI is that they are relatively safe in overdose (Bandelow, 2008), the issues of associating SNRI with other substances need to be highlighted. During 2010, Donaldson revealed that overdose with SNRIs has commonly occurred in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. The adverse event of combining alcohol with SNRI medication include electrocardiogram changes, sinus and ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension (low blood pressure), altered level of consciousness (from somnolence to coma), rhabdomyolysis, seizures, vertigo, liver necrosis, and death have been reported. Besides that, Donaldson emphasized that SNRI medications should not be taken by patients also taking monoamine oxidase inhi bitors (MAOIs). This can lead to increased serotonin levels and cause serotonin syndrome which is a rare, but serious and potentially life-threatening condition unfortunately often mistaken for a viral illness, anxiety, neurological disorder or worsening psychiatric condition). Therefore, it is vital to address the adverse events of drug overdose and the combination with other substances. Relapse Relapse and remission is common in OCD and many patients will never be free of the disease (Taylor, 2009). Earlier study in 1973 by Capstick (as cited in Ravizza, 1998) stated that if the SSRI is withdrawn or reduced too quickly, the patient is able to relate the time of onset of the recurrence of the obsessions, usually 36 to 48 hours after the former dose. In a follow-up study of 15 patients with OCD who responded to clomipramine, Thoren et al. (as cited in Ravizza, 1998) reported that 6 patients who had stopped taking the drug had a recurrence of their symptoms within a few weeks of discontinuation. A research group by Ravizza et al., 1996, the group completed a 2-year, open-label follow-up study of 130 patients with OCD who had previously responded to 6 months treatment with clomipramine, fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. At the end of the 2 years of follow-up, the relapse rate was 77 to 85% among those patients who discontinued pharmacotherapy. Implication Most research related to the physiological treatment has been studied for not more than five years. Therefore, the effects of long term treatment have yet to be observed. However, when the discontinuation of treatment is discussed, researchers indicated several relapse problems and adverse events. A study stated that response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be influenced by body weight, age, sex, and genetic makeup, and therefore can vary between individuals of different ethnic populations (Hatim et al., 2008). Malaysia as a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country, the use of treatment in patient with OCD should be wise and well considered. The lack of physiological treatment in Malaysia is the major limitation for the implication of treatment toward Malaysian. On the issue of unresponsive to treatment, researcher found the benefits of switching between venlafaxine and paroxetine for OCD. In 2004, the Brown University reported that 56% of patients who were not responding to venlafaxine benefited from a switch to paroxetine; 19% of patients who were not responding to paroxetine benefited from a switch to venlafaxine.Despite the evidence that clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in the pharmacology management of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), between 40% and 60% of the patients suffering from it show only a partial or no symptom improvement (Marazziti et al., 2008). Therefore, Marazziti and his group conducted a research to examine the effectiveness of combined treatment by associating clomipramine and citalopram in the treatment of OCD. The study found that combination treatment is effective and well-tolerated for OCD patients, and much more effective than treating patients with single drug, su ch as SSRI or TCA. In prescribing medication for the OCD patients in Malaysia, the doctor should inform the possible side effects of the medication to the patients. The adverse events that would occur in combination of substances should be stressed and patients should be education on the appropriate dosage and time to consume the medication. Limitations on the use of medications include unwillingness of approximately 25% of OCD patients to take medications which they view, globally, as a form of contamination (Greist, 1998); side effects that interfere with comfortable use of medications; and continuing costs of medications that are necessary to prevent relapse associated with discontinuation. Besides physiological treatment, psychotherapy has been recommended to deal with OCD. The consensus guidelines produced by the American Psychiatric Association (2000) suggested that cognitive, behavioral therapy (CBT) was the first choice treatment for children and young people. Waite and Williams (2009) mentioned that CBT alone or in combination with medication appears to be more effective and less likely to lead to relapse. More recently, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) described a stepped care model beginning with self-help materials for mild cases through CBT, medication and finally combined treatments. The Malaysian Psychiatric Association reviewed a research being done by Saxena et al. (2009) indicated the effectiveness of CBT on brain glucose metabolism in OCD. They discovered significant changes in brain activity solely as the result of four weeks of intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy in ten OCD patients. Reduction of thalamic activity, decrea ses in glucose metabolism has been observed after the intervention. However, the study also showed a significant increase in activity in an area of the brain called the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in reappraisal and suppression of negative emotions. The major constraints on the use of CBT include patient unwillingness to invest the time and energy. This may be due to patients fear that their anxiety will be too great when they expose themselves to their triggers. As the conclusion, there are several causes of OCD which involved both biological and psychological aspects. In introduc

Fate And Destiny :: essays research papers

Fate and Destiny   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning a man and a woman were born. They married each other and lived a life that was filled with much happiness and joy. One day a terrible car accident occurred that killed them both. In this world we live in we face everyday choices. Maybe these people did not choose to die, but they maybe chose to drive in the car that day. Was what happened to them an accident or a bad twist of fate that was their destiny? Were these two wonderful people predestined to die at that moment or was it just an accident or did they just make a bad choice to drive in a car that day?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is my belief that we are here for some purpose. Some meaningful some not. Each of us has our own opinion whether that is so. Fate is a part of this world. In mythology fate/destiny is often looked upon for guidance, prophecies made concerning fate often come true, and even the gods in mythology respect their own destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In mythology, when people were facing hard times they visited temples of guidance on what they were destined to do. Like in the story of Cupid and Psyche. Psyche's parents went to seek an oracle (in Apollo's temple) for advice on what to do with her. The oracle directed Psyche in the right direction of her fate or gave a hint to what was destined to happen anyway. Also, in the Odyssey where Odysseus visits Hades to see an old blind dead soothsayer to find out what he should do in order to get home. Last is the destiny of Oedipus who seeks help to make his country a better place, only to find out what his real destiny was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A strange thing happened in all of these different prophecies and destines of all these gods/humans. They all came true. All of them. For instance, it was said that it would take Odysseus ten years to return home. Low and behold, he came back in ten years. Halitherses who warned the suitor's of their own destiny if they don't change. Of course they do not listen they do not change their ways and end up meeting their ultimate demise. And we don't want to forget about the fate of Oedipus whose destiny was to kill his father and marry his mother. Sad thing is that it came true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mythological tale of Oedipus the main character tries to avoid his destiny. In the end however that did not work.

US Pres Johnson’s Policy in Vietnam

The United States of America is often described as invincible and unyielding. Yet during the Vietnam War, America was forced to look at its weaknesses, both politically and militarily. President Lyndon B. Johnson, in sending U. S. Marines in March 1965, followed shortly thereafter by U. S. Army ground combat units, broke the strategic continuity of American involvement in Vietnam and, in so doing, paved the way for the U. S. forces' ultimate defeat. Thus, it is plausible that President Johnson†s policy in Vietnam was â€Å"doomed to fail† from the beginning. Although South Vietnam asked for help, which the United States had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world†s eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically, this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military†s sole purpose. United States involvement in Vietnam continued to escalate throughout the 1950†³s and into the early 1960†³s. On August 4, 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964, President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United States to continue in its basic policy of assisting the free nations of the area to defend their freedom. On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson â€Å"to take all necessary measures to repel any attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression†¦ † (A). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. Troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we had no military, political, or territorial ambitions in southeast Asia, the interests back home were of a different nature. The United States was not expecting a more extensive development in Vietnam, and Johnson shocked the nation by his exclusive decision. â€Å"A mature great power will make measured and limited use of its power†¦ Since in this generation we have become a great power, I am in favor of learning to behave like a great power†¦ † (B). Thus a major downfall of Johnson†s policy was his blatant misuse of his respective power. According to Johnson in his State of the Union Address, â€Å"We will stay because in Asia-and around the world-are countries whose independence rests, in large measure, on confidence in America†s word and protection† (C). However, the political involvement in Vietnam was about much more than just promised aid to a weak country in order to prevent the spread of communism. It was about money. After all, wars require equipment, guns, tools and machinery. Most of which was produced in the United States. â€Å"We intervened with money, â€Å"advisors†, bombers, and weapons at a time when even our own government did not claim that North Vietnam was sending forces south† (G). It was about proving America†s commitment to stop communism. Or rather to confine communism in its present boundaries. Most of all it was about politics. The military involvement in Vietnam is directly related to the political management of the military throughout the war. The military controlled by the politicians. The management of the military by the White House for political gain is the primary reason for both the length and cost, both monetary and human, of the Vietnam War. One of the largest problems was the lack of a clear objective in the war and the support to accomplish it. â€Å"So-how do we end the war in Vietnam?†¦ We must revise our objective. Instead of negotiation, our objective must be to make the war so costly for the Communists that they will end it†¦ We must fight the war from our strength, not theirs† (F). The politicians dictated the war in Vietnam. It was a limited war; the military was never allowed to fight the war in the manner that they thought that they needed to in order to win it. To conclude on the Vietnam War, the political management of the war made it unwinnable. The military was at the mercy of politicians, especially Johnson, who knew very little about what needed to be done militarily in order to win the war. And it is the failure of that regime to come to the bargaining table that has thus far frustrated every effort to move the problem of South Vietnam from a military to a political solution† (E). Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with politics. There is an enormous difference between political judgment and military judgment. This difference is the primary reason for the outcome of the Vietnam War. Vietcong knew they could beat us by wearing the United States down until they surrendered (H). It was the policy of military escalation in Vietnam, however, that proved to be Johnson's undoing as president. It deflected attention from domestic concerns, resulted in sharp inflation, and prompted rising criticism, especially among young, draft-aged people. â€Å"†¦ mood of Congress changed, a reflection of public attitudes strongly influenced by the news media, particularly television† (I). Although society originally supported Johnson†s policy, he lost a large amount of support due to his mistakes. Escalation also failed to win the war. The drawn-out struggle made Johnson even more secretive, dogmatic, and highly sensitive to criticism. His usually sure political instincts were failing. On March 31, 1968, President Johnson was faced with increasing antiwar sentiment. He announced a halt in all bombing north of the 20th parallel and offered to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam. Peace talks began in Paris in May, but were quickly deadlocked. After the United States stopped bombing North Vietnam in early November, the North Vietnamese agreed not to escalate the war. In January 1969 South Vietnam and the NLF joined the talks. (History of the United States) Americans judge the Vietnam War to have been a â€Å"mistake. † Unfortunately, few claim to know what the U. S. should have done differently. President Johnson made various unfavorable decisions, and his ignorance led to the demise of our military and political policies. Through the corruption and misuse of power, the strategically wrong military setup, and the high cost, the Vietnam War was doomed to fail from the beginning. It is inevitable that Johnson received the blame.

Differences Between Hamlets Mental/Emotional Conflicts...

Differences between Hamlets mental/emotional conflicts and Beowulfs physical battles Beowulf is an epic poem from an unknown author. The main point and theme of Beowulf is about heroism of a warrior with courage who becomes an epic hero; not only by his strength in the battles but also by his social obligations. In Williams Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Hamlet’s mental and emotional conflict is based on a tragedy of revenge. It is the differences of Beowulf and Hamlet, that also make it the same. The epic poem Beowulf tells the story of a Geatland warrior; from young to old, in Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf travels overseas to the ruler of the Danes, King Hrothgar, to sacrifice his own life to help this land fight off a demon named†¦show more content†¦Has Beowulf failed his people? Like Hamlet in the last act of the play, who avenges for his father’s death, Beowulf knows what he must do as king and what has been appointed to him and takes actions of his culture as a heroic warrior. In William Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, the play is a Renaissance tragedy in Denmark about revenge and cultural identity for Hamlet by the duty of his father and the duties to his society. Hamlet’s father was murdered and Hamlet has been visited by his father’s ghost. The ghost tells Hamlet that he must kill his killer and that his killer is Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius but that he must not kill his mother. Claudius has married Hamlet’s mother only a month after killing her husband, Old King Hamlet. Prince Hamlet is furious with his mother, Gertrude. Hamlet becomes obsessed with afterlife, suicide and what happens to bodies when they die. Given evidence by the ghost that his Uncle killed his father, he also is obsessed at proving Claudius’ guilt. After a month of Old King Hamlet’s death, Claudius and Gertrude marry and Hamlet is furious and begins to take out his anger on the woman he loves, Ophelia. The madness is so much to Hamlet he contemplates his own death and suicide. Hamlet has a group of traveling actors act out in a play; a scene resembling his father’s death that can prove his uncle’s guilt and if the ghost is real and